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<div><font style="background-color: transparent;">Sorry for the delay and confusion with the dates for this and the previous Spong email.  </font></div>

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<div>4/21/16:  Spong:  Charting a New Reformation, Part XVIII</div>

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<div>4/28/16:  Spong:  Charting a New Reformation, Part XIX</div>

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<div>Ellie</div>
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                                          <h1 style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 61, 74); line-height: 100%; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 34px; font-weight: normal; display: block;">Charting
                                            a New Reformation</h1>
                                          <h2 class="null" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(68, 135, 207); line-height: 100%; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; display: block;">Part
                                            XIX - The 5th Thesis,
                                            Miracles (continued)</h2>
                                           
                                          <blockquote>
                                            

<div><em>“In a post-Newtonian
                                                world supernatural
                                                invasions of the natural
                                                order performed by
                                                either the eternal God
                                                or the “Incarnate Jesus”
                                                are simply not a viable
                                                explanation of what
                                                actually happened.”</em></div>


                                          </blockquote>
                                          

<div>We have noted earlier that
                                            originally miracles did not
                                            appear to have been
                                            connected with the memory of
                                            Jesus. The first book to
                                            portray Jesus as a worker of
                                            miracles was the gospel of
                                            Mark, written in the early
                                            eighth decade or some
                                            forty-two years after the
                                            crucifixion.</div>


                                          

<div>Matthew, the second gospel
                                            writer, who copied almost
                                            ninety percent of Mark into
                                            his ninth decade gospel,
                                            repeated every miracle that
                                            Mark had included, while
                                            adding only one other.</div>


                                          

<div>Luke the third gospel
                                            writer heightens the note of
                                            the miraculous greatly in
                                            his late ninth to early
                                            tenth decade work. Luke’s
                                            story of the resurrection,
                                            for example, is far more
                                            supernatural than anything
                                            written prior to Luke. In
                                            Luke, the resurrected Jesus
                                            appears to be able to
                                            materialize into and to
                                            dematerialize out of thin
                                            air. In Luke, Jesus can also
                                            defy gravity and disappear
                                            into the sky as if propelled
                                            by an unseen rocket force.</div>


                                          

<div>In the later development of
                                            these twelve theses, I will
                                            explore these heightened
                                            stories in regard to the
                                            resurrection and the
                                            ascension more fully.
                                            Suffice it now to limit
                                            myself to some general
                                            observations in regard to
                                            the presence of seemingly
                                            supernatural events.</div>


                                          

<div>Once we recognize that
                                            miracle stories are a
                                            late-developing part of the
                                            Jesus tradition, we can look
                                            at them with greater
                                            objectivity. When we do, a
                                            number of things become
                                            obvious. First, we note that
                                            the miraculous elements in
                                            these stories grow as the
                                            stories are repeated in a
                                            later work. Second, we
                                            discover that frequently
                                            there are in the gospel
                                            miracle stories about Jesus,
                                            echoes of a narrative from
                                            the Hebrew Scriptures now
                                            being retold about Jesus.
                                            Third, each miracle story
                                            appears to have the
                                            interpretive purpose of
                                            relating Jesus to the
                                            expected messiah. These
                                            observations carry us deeper
                                            into the gospel texts and
                                            give us another way to view
                                            miracles other than to
                                            relate to them as the deeds
                                            being done by God in human
                                            disguise, which is the
                                            Christological lens through
                                            which so many traditional
                                            Christians view them today.</div>


                                          

<div>The development of this
                                            kind of Christology, that is
                                            the study of the divine
                                            nature of Jesus, has grown
                                            rapidly over the centuries.
                                            In the Epistle to the
                                            Philippians, Paul spoke of
                                            God emptying the divine self
                                            into Jesus, but no one can
                                            seriously argue that Paul
                                            was talking about what later
                                            came to be called
                                            “incarnation.” Paul was not
                                            saying that the divine
                                            entered into and took over
                                            the human in the life of
                                            Jesus. This is made clear in
                                            other places in the Pauline
                                            corpus when Paul talks about
                                            God “designating” Jesus as
                                            “the Son of God by the
                                            action of the Holy Spirit”
                                            by raising Jesus from the
                                            dead (Romans 1:1-4). For
                                            Paul Jesus did not in and of
                                            himself “rise” from the
                                            dead. God raised him! If God
                                            can designate and “raise”
                                            Jesus, then clearly this is
                                            not a description of
                                            co-equality. Paul was too
                                            deeply Jewish to entertain
                                            Trinitarian thinking.</div>


                                          

<div>Mark also appears not to be
                                            a Trinitarian. At the
                                            beginning of his gospel Mark
                                            describes Jesus as a fully
                                            human, adult male who comes
                                            to be baptized by John in
                                            the River Jordan. It is in
                                            that baptismal act, we are
                                            told, that God’s spirit
                                            infuses the human Jesus.
                                            Incarnational and
                                            Trinitarian thinking, this
                                            is not!</div>


                                          

<div>In the later gospels of
                                            Matthew and Luke major steps
                                            are taken toward
                                            “incarnational and
                                            Trinitarian” thinking. Both
                                            added a virgin birth story
                                            to the memory of Jesus. God
                                            now enters Jesus at
                                            conception not at
                                            resurrection, as Paul had
                                            implied, or at his baptism,
                                            which Mark seemed to
                                            suggest. As the years go by
                                            the gospel miracles became
                                            less and less God acting
                                            through Jesus and more and
                                            more descriptive of Jesus
                                            acting on behalf of God. The
                                            creator of the world in
                                            human form could certainly
                                            make the winds and waves
                                            obey him. The divine Jesus
                                            could surely banish illness,
                                            which was thought of in the
                                            first century as God’s
                                            punishment of human beings
                                            for the sinfulness of their
                                            lives. The world in which
                                            this “divine Jesus” lived
                                            had not yet heard of germs,
                                            viruses, tumors,
                                            cholesterol, or of human
                                            cells expanding in a
                                            reckless and disorganized
                                            manner. Once those things
                                            were discovered, then
                                            prayers requesting the
                                            miracle of healing, or a
                                            sacrifice offered to appease
                                            the punishing deity, began
                                            to be seen as nonsensical.</div>


                                          

<div>By the time the Fourth
                                            Gospel was written (95-100
                                            CE), miracles had been
                                            transformed into “signs.”
                                            There is a difference. A
                                            miracle is defined as an
                                            objective event, which can
                                            be observed and documented.
                                            A sign is an event that
                                            points beyond itself to
                                            something that is mysterious
                                            and unseen, but not doubted.
                                            In the Fourth Gospel, John
                                            portrays Jesus as the author
                                            and originator of seven
                                            powerful signs, two of which
                                            are absolutely unique,
                                            having never been mentioned
                                            or even hinted at in the
                                            three earlier gospels. The
                                            first of these is the
                                            strange story of Jesus
                                            changing water into wine.
                                            The other is the dramatic
                                            story of Jesus calling forth
                                            from his burial place, the
                                            four-days-dead-and-buried
                                            Lazarus. This brief analysis
                                            drives us to ask: “Did any
                                            of these miraculous events
                                            really happen?” The answer
                                            to that question is, I now
                                            believe, a firm no. Does
                                            this mean that the gospel
                                            writers were telling us
                                            about things that never
                                            happened, or does it mean
                                            that we have literalized
                                            inappropriately the gospels
                                            for far too long?</div>


                                          

<div>Earlier in this series, we
                                            traced the development of
                                            miracles in the entire
                                            Bible; they are not
                                            omnipresent. Biblical
                                            miracles only seem to occur
                                            in the cycles of stories
                                            that have gathered around
                                            the heroic figures in Jewish
                                            history. In particular,
                                            these figures focus on what
                                            might be called the “twin
                                            towers of Israel’s religious
                                            life,” the law and the
                                            prophets. Moses was the
                                            father of the law while
                                            Elijah was the father of the
                                            prophets. These are the
                                            major biblical figures
                                            around which miracle stories
                                            have gathered in Hebrew
                                            history. We also noted that
                                            these miracles occurred in
                                            the lives of Moses and
                                            Elijah’s immediate
                                            successors. It looks as if
                                            the miracles stories
                                            identified with Moses were
                                            then wrapped around Joshua,
                                            while the miracle stories
                                            originally identified with
                                            Elijah were then wrapped
                                            around Elisha.</div>


                                          

<div>When we arrive at the Jesus
                                            story, we discover that
                                            Moses-Joshua stories have
                                            now been wrapped around
                                            Jesus. Like Moses, Jesus has
                                            power over nature. Moses
                                            could split the Red Sea,
                                            Jesus could calm the storm
                                            and walk on water. Moses
                                            could cause manna to fall in
                                            the wilderness to feed the
                                            hungry children of Israel,
                                            while Jesus, in another
                                            wilderness, could take a
                                            limited number of loaves and
                                            fishes and feed a multitude.
                                            Are not these gospel writers
                                            following an ancient Jewish
                                            story-telling tradition, to
                                            assert that the same God who
                                            was experienced as present
                                            in Moses was now clearly
                                            present in Jesus? Did these
                                            biblical authors ever
                                            consider the possibility
                                            that these miracle stories
                                            would ever be taken
                                            literally? Did they think
                                            for a moment that they were
                                            writing history? No, of
                                            course not! They were, in a
                                            typically Jewish manner,
                                            painting an interpretive
                                            portrait.</div>


                                          

<div>Elijah and Elisha expanded
                                            the domain of the miraculous
                                            from the world of nature, as
                                            it was for Moses and Joshua,
                                            to the world of human
                                            experience. Both Elijah and
                                            Elisha were said, for
                                            example, to have been able
                                            to raise the dead. It was a
                                            widow’s only son, who was
                                            raised in the Elijah
                                            narrative. So are we
                                            surprised when Luke wraps
                                            that story around Jesus and
                                            it becomes Jesus raising the
                                            only son of a widow in the
                                            village of Nain? Elisha
                                            raises a child from the
                                            dead. That story is also
                                            wrapped around Jesus when
                                            Mark, Matthew and Luke all
                                            relate a story of Jesus
                                            raising a child from the
                                            dead. So both the nature
                                            miracles and the ability to
                                            raise the dead appear to be
                                            Jewish stories about past
                                            heroes now being retold
                                            about Jesus.</div>


                                          

<div>That still leaves us,
                                            however, with two categories
                                            of miracle stories
                                            attributed to Jesus that do
                                            not fit into these Hebrew
                                            patterns. The first category
                                            includes most of the healing
                                            miracles, in which Jesus is
                                            reported to be able to give
                                            sight to the blind, hearing
                                            to the deaf, the ability to
                                            sing to the mute and the
                                            ability to walk to the lame.
                                            The second are the “signs”
                                            that occur in the Fourth
                                            Gospel. What is their
                                            source? From whence are they
                                            derived? Could these still
                                            be viewed as literal
                                            accounts of historical
                                            events? Time and space
                                            require that we separate the
                                            two categories, so I will
                                            deal with the healing
                                            miracles this week and the
                                            Johannine signs next week.</div>


                                          

<div>If we were people familiar
                                            with the Jewish Scriptures,
                                            we would know that messianic
                                            thinking had long viewed the
                                            promised messiah as the one
                                            who would inaugurate the
                                            reign of the Kingdom of God
                                            in human history as spelled
                                            out by Isaiah in the 8th
                                            century BCE. When the
                                            Kingdom of God dawned,
                                            telling signs, Isaiah said,
                                            would make all people aware
                                            of it. Water, he said, would
                                            flow in the desert, allowing
                                            the crocuses to grow there.
                                            Then human wholeness would
                                            transform human brokenness.
                                            In the messianic age, Isaiah
                                            suggested, the blind would
                                            see, the deaf hear, the mute
                                            sing and the lame walk. If
                                            one believed Jesus was the
                                            messiah inaugurating the
                                            Kingdom of God, then the
                                            signs of that age must
                                            surely be attributed to him.
                                            This, I now believe, is the
                                            primary source of the New
                                            Testament healing miracles.
                                            This is also why miracles
                                            were so late in being
                                            attributed to Jesus. They
                                            had to wait until this
                                            understanding of Christology
                                            developed. The healing
                                            miracles in the gospels were
                                            not ever events that
                                            actually happened, they were
                                            rather signs of the presence
                                            of God bringing the
                                            messianic age into being. We
                                            have misread them as
                                            miracles. It is a new
                                            insight – the burden of the
                                            miracles is lifted off the
                                            memory of Jesus in our age
                                            when supernatural thinking
                                            does not fit well into our
                                            world.</div>


                                          

<div>John Shelby Spong</div>


                                          

<div>Read the essay online <a style="color: rgb(68, 135, 207); font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline;" href="http://johnshelbyspong.us2.list-manage.com/track/click?u=b51b9cf441b059bb232418480&id=277faadc5b&e=0471473479" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>


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                                            & Answer</h2>
                                          

<div><span style="font-size: 18px;">Raymond
                                              Rakower From Gex, France,
                                              writes:</span><br>


                                             </div>


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<div>It’s always a new pleasure
                                            and enrichment to read your
                                            weekly issues. If you’ll
                                            forgive my arrogance, I
                                            would like to make a
                                            suggestion, a tentative
                                            explanation of the
                                            unshakable conviction of so
                                            many people that there is an
                                            almighty theistic God
                                            outside our universe</div>


                                          

<div>It might be the vague
                                            recollection, an echo of the
                                            last weeks or months of our
                                            fetus life when our universe
                                            was limited to our mother’s
                                            placenta but with an
                                            acoustic system already
                                            operational and connected to
                                            our primitive brain. We
                                            heard the voice of our
                                            father coming from outside
                                            of this universe and many a
                                            time with a deep caring male
                                            voice. This recollection
                                            would be later incorporated
                                            in the baby after a couple
                                            of years when its
                                            unconscious mind would
                                            develop. Hence so many
                                            people will never accept to
                                            abandon their belief. I got
                                            this idea whilst reading
                                            (and translating into French
                                            at my favorite publisher’s
                                            request) the book of Aletha
                                            J. Solter, PhD, <em>The
                                              Attachment Play</em>,
                                            based on the behavior
                                            theory. She demonstrates in
                                            this book the fact that
                                            after the birth, the baby
                                            remembers sometimes for
                                            clearly a couple of years
                                            what happened before and
                                            during its birth! She used
                                            this remarkable memory of
                                            the early childhood to heal
                                            some children’s behavior
                                            problems.</div>


                                          

<div>My second point in this
                                            email concerns your Q&A,
                                            in your response to the
                                            question of Sue Stover. I
                                            recently read a book, which
                                            analyses many details that
                                            are quite familiar to you:
                                            The Yahweh vs. the Elohim
                                            traditions of the Old
                                            Testament. Its title is <em>Who
                                              Wrote the Bible</em> by
                                            Richard Elliott Friedman. It
                                            may contain some interesting
                                            hypotheses about this topic.</div>


                                          

<div> </div>


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<div>Dear Ray,</div>


                                          

<div>Thank you for your letter
                                            with your provocative
                                            insights. My readers need to
                                            know that I have had the
                                            chance to know you and to
                                            talk with you about these
                                            and many other things in the
                                            years of our friendship.
                                            They also need to know that
                                            you were the first
                                            translator of my books into
                                            French. You have always been
                                            a resource to my life and
                                            both Christine and I look
                                            forward to our opportunity
                                            to see you in Basel,
                                            Switzerland next October.</div>


                                          

<div>In regard to the comments
                                            and questions expressed in
                                            your letter, let me say that
                                            I am certain that there is
                                            something called “pre-birth
                                            memory.” Evidence for that
                                            seems well established. I am
                                            also convinced that there is
                                            something real about what
                                            Carl Jung called “the
                                            collective unconscious,”
                                            which looks at some other
                                            interconnections. I have
                                            not, however, read deeply
                                            enough on that subject to
                                            have formed sufficiently
                                            well-researched opinions
                                            that I would be comfortable
                                            sharing with others. In the
                                            field of theology we are oft
                                            times tempted to say more
                                            than we know and even to
                                            become dogmatic in the face
                                            of mystery. The Christian
                                            life, I remind myself daily,
                                            is a journey into a
                                            dimension of truth that no
                                            human mind can ever fully
                                            possess. So I have no great
                                            light that I want to flash
                                            before your fascinating
                                            suggestion that the idea of
                                            a theistic God is derived
                                            from the suggestion that an
                                            unborn child experiences his
                                            or her father first as a
                                            presence from a universe
                                            different from the one the
                                            fetus occupies. I find that
                                            suggestion intriguing, but
                                            not convincing. It seems to
                                            me that there are many
                                            sources of that idea, not
                                            just one. Above all I am
                                            convinced that every idea of
                                            God ultimately arises from a
                                            human experience, but that
                                            does not mean God is no more
                                            than a mythologized human
                                            experience. Over the years
                                            of human history every human
                                            definition of God has
                                            finally died, or been
                                            radically revised in the
                                            light of new knowledge and
                                            expanded human experience.
                                            So in my mind there is a
                                            reality to God that
                                            transcends every definition.
                                            God does not die when any
                                            human definition of God,
                                            like “theism” dies. I make a
                                            clear distinction between
                                            God and every human idea of
                                            God. So I will take your
                                            idea under advisement, just
                                            because it is your idea, and
                                            I will explore it further.
                                            Perhaps we can discuss it
                                            more in October. Until then
                                            we send you our best wishes.</div>


                                          

<div>John Shelby Spong</div>


                                          

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                                          <h2 style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(68, 135, 207); line-height: 100%; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; display: block;">Announcements</h2>
                                           
                                          <h2 class="null" style="margin: 0px 0px 10px; text-align: left; color: rgb(68, 135, 207); line-height: 100%; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal; display: block;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 205);">Bishop
                                              John Shelby Spong to speak
                                              at and receive the
                                              Religious Liberty Award at
                                              the American Humanist
                                              Society's 75th Anniversary
                                              Conference, May 26th -
                                              29th in Chicago, IL.</span></h2>
                                          <br>


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